Patinetes, no todo se evita con el casco / Scooters; not everything is prevented with the safety helmet

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Tratamiento del divertículo de Zenker: comparación de diferentes técnicas / Treatment of Zenker’s diverticulum: Comparison of different techniques

Introducción y objetivos: Los divertículos de Zenker se han abordado quirúrgicamente con diferentes técnicas a lo largo de los últimos años, evolucionando desde la vía abierta hasta la endoscópica. En la cirugía endoscópica, se puede utilizar el láser CO2 o la grapadora. Se analizó la recidiva o persistencia del divertículo tras el tipo de cirugía realizado. Método: Es un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de 22 pacientes tratados de divertículo de Zenker en el servicio de otorrinolaringología de nuestro hospital entre los años 2001 y 2011. Resultados: Se realizó tratamiento con cirugía endoscópica mediante láser CO2 en 13 pacientes, mediante grapadora en 6 pacientes, y en 3 pacientes se realizó abordaje abierto. El tiempo operatorio, de ingesta oral y de ingreso fueron menores en la cirugía con grapadora (52 min, 3 días, 5 días), que en la técnica con láser (58 min, 5 días, 8 días) y mayores en el abordaje abierto (107 min, 8 días, 11 días). El 68% de nuestros pacientes mejoró con la primera intervención, porcentaje que ascendió al 95%, teniendo en cuenta la segunda intervención en los pacientes que recidivaron tras la primera cirugía. Las complicaciones aparecieron en el 13,6% de los pacientes. Conclusiones: El tratamiento de elección en la actualidad del divertículo de Zenker es la cirugía por vía endoscópica. El abordaje endoscópico con grapadora parece presentar menos morbilidad y un tiempo de hospitalización más corto en comparación con el láser CO2 (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Zenker's diverticulum has been approached surgically with different techniques over the years, evolving from open to endoscopic surgery. The CO2 laser or the stapler can be used in endoscopic surgery. Our objective was to ascertain the recurrence or persistence of the diverticulum based on the type of surgery performed. Method: A retrospective descriptive study of 22 patients treated for Zenker's diverticulum in our hospital service between 2001 and 2011. Results: Endoscopic surgery using laser CO2 was performed in 13 patients, using stapler in 6 patients and with open approach in 3 patients. Surgery time, oral intake and hospital stay were greater in the open approach (107 minutes, 8 days and 11 days respectively) and less in surgery with stapler (52 minutes, 3 days and 5 days) than the technique with laser (58 minutes, 5 days and 8 days). With the first intervention, 68% of our patients improved, a percentage that increased to 95% taking into account the second intervention in patients that relapsed after the first surgery. Complications appeared in 13.6% of the patients. Conclusions: The treatment of choice nowadays for Zenker's diverticulum is endoscopic surgery. The endoscopic approach with stapler seems to present lower morbidity and a shorter hospital stay in comparison with the CO2 laser (AU)

[Treatment of Zenker's diverticulum: comparison of different techniques]. / Tratamiento del divertículo de Zenker: comparación de diferentes técnicas.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Zenker's diverticulum has been approached surgically with different techniques over the years, evolving from open to endoscopic surgery. The CO(2) laser or the stapler can be used in endoscopic surgery. Our objective was to ascertain the recurrence or persistence of the diverticulum based on the type of surgery performed. METHOD: A retrospective descriptive study of 22 patients treated for Zenker's diverticulum in our hospital service between 2001 and 2011. RESULTS: Endoscopic surgery using laser CO(2) was performed in 13 patients, using stapler in 6 patients and with open approach in 3 patients. Surgery time, oral intake and hospital stay were greater in the open approach (107 minutes, 8 days and 11 days respectively) and less in surgery with stapler (52 minutes, 3 days and 5 days) than the technique with laser (58 minutes, 5 days and 8 days). With the first intervention, 68% of our patients improved, a percentage that increased to 95% taking into account the second intervention in patients that relapsed after the first surgery. Complications appeared in 13.6% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of choice nowadays for Zenker's diverticulum is endoscopic surgery. The endoscopic approach with stapler seems to present lower morbidity and a shorter hospital stay in comparison with the CO(2) laser.

Estudio anatómico del orificio esfenopalatino / Sphenopalatinum foramen: an anatomical study

Introducción: La localización de la arteria esfenopalatina es fundamental en el tratamiento endoscópico de la epistaxis posterior severa. El orificio esfenopalatino, que le da salida, es variable en ubicación y relaciones anatómicas. Objetivo: Realizar un estudio descriptivo osteológico de la región del orificio esfenopalatino, describiendo la anatomía de dicha región, tamaño, localización, relaciones con cornetes y coanas, así como la existencia de orificios accesorios. Material y métodos: La exploración y el estudio anatómico de la zona se llevó a cabo en 32 hemicráneos humanos. Resultados: La localización más frecuente del orificio esfenopalatino resultó la transición entre el meato medio y superior en el 56,25%, 18 especímenes, seguido del meato superior, 37,5% (12 hemicráneos) y solamente en 2 casos el orificio se abría exclusivamente en meato medio. En el 50% de los casos encontramos la existencia de orificios accesorios, cuya localización más frecuente fue inferior al orificio en el meato medio. La cresta etmoidal se encontraba presente en todos los cráneos estudiados, produciendo un resalte anterior en el orificio esfenopalatino. Conclusión: Existen variaciones anatómicas en el orificio esfenopalatino en cuanto a localización, número y relaciones anatómicas que modificarán la entrada de la arteria esfenopalatina y sus ramas en la fosa nasal. Habiendo encontrado una marca constante localizadora del orificio esfenopalatino, la cresta etmoidal, situada en el borde anterior del orificio (AU)

Introduction: The position of the sphenopalatine artery is essential for the endoscopic treatment of severe posterior epistaxis. This artery passes through its own foramen, which has awide range of locations and anatomic relations. Objective: To carry out a descriptive osteological study on the sphenopalatine foramen area. Its anatomy, size, position and relations with turbinates and choanae are described, as well as the existence of accessory foramina. Material and methods: Exploration and anatomical study was carried out in 32 human hemicrania. Results: The area between middle and superior meatus was considered the most common location of the sphenopalatine foramen in 56.24% of the cases (18 specimens), followed by the superior meatus, with 37.5% (12 hemi-skulls). The foramen was located in middle meatus injust two cases. We found accessory foramina in 50% of the cases, most commonly positioned below the middle meatus. The ethmoidal crest appeared in every skull, producing an anteriorosseous projection on the sphenopalatine foramen. Conclusion: There are variations in position, number and anatomic relations that may cause changes in the sphenopalatine artery orifice and its branches into the nasal fossa. The ethmoidal crest, located on the anterior side of the sphenopalatine foramen, can be considered a permanent landmark to find the foramen (AU)

[Sphenopalatinum foramen: an anatomical study]. / Estudio anatómico del orificio esfenopalatino.

INTRODUCTION: The position of the sphenopalatine artery is essential for the endoscopic treatment of severe posterior epistaxis. This artery passes through its own foramen, which has a wide range of locations and anatomic relations. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a descriptive osteological study on the sphenopalatine foramen area. Its anatomy, size, position and relations with turbinates and choanae are described, as well as the existence of accessory foramina. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Exploration and anatomical study was carried out in 32 human hemi-crania. RESULTS: The area between middle and superior meatus was considered the most common location of the sphenopalatine foramen in 56.24% of the cases (18 specimens), followed by the superior meatus, with 37.5% (12 hemi-skulls). The foramen was located in middle meatus in just two cases. We found accessory foramina in 50% of the cases, most commonly positioned below the middle meatus. The ethmoidal crest appeared in every skull, producing an anterior osseous projection on the sphenopalatine foramen. CONCLUSION: There are variations in position, number and anatomic relations that may cause changes in the sphenopalatine artery orifice and its branches into the nasal fossa. The ethmoidal crest, located on the anterior side of the sphenopalatine foramen, can be considered a permanent landmark to find the foramen.

La arteria etmoidal anterior en el laberinto etmoidal: Revisión bibliográfica sobre variantes anatómicas y referencias para la cirugía endoscópica / Anterior ethmoidal artery at ethmoidal labyrinth: Bibliographical review of anatomical variants and references for endoscopic surgery

Introducción: La arteria etmoidal anterior presenta muchas variaciones anatómicas en su trayecto. Tampoco existen referencias claras para localizarla, por esto, es fácil producir una lesión iatrógena. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica para analizar las variantes y referencias endoscópicas reseñadas en la literatura científica para localizarla. Material y métodos: Se ha realizado una revisión en la base de datos Medline y Embase, buscando tanto trabajos anatómicos como radiológicos. Tras la revisión se recogen los resultados de los principales estudios. Resultados: Se recogen 13 estudios que analizan en total 1.388 arterias etmoidales anteriores. Se encuentra ausente entre un 2–14%. Es identificable entre un 95–100% en una TC. Se sitúa entre la 2ª y la 3ª lamela etmoidal en un 74,2% y a nivel basicraneal en un 66,6%. La neumatización etmoidal se relaciona con la situación de la arteria etmoidal anterior a nivel de la base de cráneo. Entre el 83–85,3% se localiza a nivel del receso suprabullar. Se exponen varias distancias y ángulos medidas para poder localizarla. Conclusiones: La TC es útil para una planificación prequirúrgica. Se localiza más frecuentemente entre la 2.a y 3.a lamela etmoidal y a nivel basicraneal. Factores como la neumatización etmoidal o el grado de Keros pueden predecir su relación con el nivel basicraneal. La arteria etmoidal anterior, la axila del cornete medio y el borde superomedial de la nariz forman una línea recta, siendo una referencia sencilla y útil en la cirugía endoscópica (AU)

Introduction: The anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) has a trajectory with multiple anatomical variations. In addition, there are no clear references to locate it, so it is easy to produce an iatrogenic lesion. The goal of this study was to carry out a bibliographical review to analyse variants and endoscopic reference reports in the scientific literature. Material and methods: A review in Medline and Embase data bases was carried out, looking for AEA-related anatomical and radiological studies. After the revision, the principal study results, together with several distances and angles useful for locating the AEA, are presented in this study. Results: There were 13 main articles that analysed a total of 1388 AEA. It was absent from 2 to 14%. It was identifiable in computed tomography (CT) between 95 and 100%. It was located between the second and third ethmoidal lamella in 74.2% and at the skull base level in 66.6%. Ethmoidal sinuses pneumatisation was related to AEA location at the skull base. Between 83 and 85.3%, it was found at the suprabullar recess. Conclusions: CT is useful for presurgery planning. AEA are more frequent between the second and third lamella and at skull level. Ethmoidal pneumatisation and Keros grades could be predictive factors for AEA relationship with the skull base level. The AEA, the axilla of the middle turbinate and the superomedial edge of the nose are in a straight line, being a simple and useful reference in endoscopic sinus surgery (AU)

[Anterior ethmoidal artery at ethmoidal labyrinth: Bibliographical review of anatomical variants and references for endoscopic surgery]. / La arteria etmoidal anterior en el laberinto etmoidal: Revisión bibliográfica sobre variantes anatómicas y referencias para la cirugía endoscópica.

INTRODUCTION: The anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) has a trajectory with multiple anatomical variations. In addition, there are no clear references to locate it, so it is easy to produce an iatrogenic lesion. The goal of this study was to carry out a bibliographical review to analyse variants and endoscopic reference reports in the scientific literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review in Medline and Embase data bases was carried out, looking for AEA-related anatomical and radiological studies. After the revision, the principal study results, together with several distances and angles useful for locating the AEA, are presented in this study. RESULTS: There were 13 main articles that analysed a total of 1388 AEA. It was absent from 2 to 14%. It was identifiable in computed tomography (CT) between 95 and 100%. It was located between the second and third ethmoidal lamella in 74.2% and at the skull base level in 66.6%. Ethmoidal sinuses pneumatisation was related to AEA location at the skull base. Between 83 and 85.3%, it was found at the suprabullar recess. CONCLUSIONS: CT is useful for presurgery planning. AEA are more frequent between the second and third lamella and at skull level. Ethmoidal pneumatisation and Keros grades could be predictive factors for AEA relationship with the skull base level. The AEA, the axilla of the middle turbinate and the superomedial edge of the nose are in a straight line, being a simple and useful reference in endoscopic sinus surgery.